Natural language are stil in developing stage where we could write statrments that would look like normal sentences.
It is very difficult to program using 1GL since all the instructions are to be represented by 0s and 1s.
Because of their flexibility, procedural languages are able to solve a variety of problems.
Highly advanced and expensive electronic devices are required to run programs developed in 5GL. Therefore, it is an expensive approach.
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Machine language consists of strings of binary numbers (i.e. 0s and 1s) and it is the only one language, the processor directly understands. Machine language has an Merits of very fast execution speed and efficient use of primary memory.
Programs written in this language are portable.
, which can be categorized into the following ways:
Use of this language makes programming time consuming.
Since, the program uses normal sentences, they are easy to understand.
b)Problem-Oriented language (4GL)It allows the users to specify what the output should be, without describing all the details of how the data should be manupulated to produce the result. This is one step ahead from 3GL. These are result oriented and include database query language.Eg: Visual Basic, C, PHP, etc.The objectives of 4GL are to:ØIncrease the speed of developing programs.ØMinimize users effort to botain information from computer.ØReduce errors while writing programs.Merits:Programmer need not to think about the procedure of the program. So, programming is much easier.Demerits:It is easier but needs higher processor and larger memory.
It makes programming process faster.
High level language can be further categorized as:a)Procedural-Oriented language (3GL)
It is hardware dependent language so programmers are forced to think in terms of computers architecture rather than to the problem being solved.
Programmer does not need to think in term of computer architecture which makes them focused on the problem.
This language is the most understandable language used by computer to perform its operations. It can be further categorized into:
Instructions of this language closely resembles to human language or English like words. It uses mathematical notations to perform the task. The high level language is easier to learn. It requires less time to write and is easier to maintain the errors. The high level language is converted into machine language by one of the two different languages translator programs;
Programming Concept Computer Science HSEB Notes
It is makes programming easier than 1GL since it uses mnemonics code for programming. Eg: ADD for addition, SUB for subtraction, DIV for division, etc.
It needs to be translated therefore its execution time is more.
The programs would be much more interactive and interesting.
Assembly language is also known as low-level language because to design a program programmer requires detailed knowledge of hardware specification. This language uses mnemonics code (symbolic operation code like ADD for addition) in place of 0s and 1s. The program is converted into machine code by assembler. The resulting program is reffered to as an object code.
It is difficult to find error and to debug.
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Being machine dependent language, programs written in this language are very less or not protable.
It is directly understood by the processor so has faster execution time since the programs written in this language need not to be tanslated.
Error can be identified much easily compared to 1GL.
The programs designed using 5GL will have artificial intelligence (AI).
Programs written in this language is not directly understandable by computer so translaters should be used.
It is slower than previous generation language as it should be completely translated into binary code which is a tedious task.
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Programmers must know its mnemonics codes to perform any task.
It is easier but needs higher processor and larger memory.
It is easier to debug than machine language.
Procedural Programming is a methodology for modeling the problem being solved, by determining the steps and the order of those steps that must be followed in order to reach a desired outcome or specific program state.These languages are designed to express the logic and the procedure of a problem to be solved. It includes languages such as Pascal, COBOL, C, FORTAN, etc.
It needs to be translated therefore its execution time is more.