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In this lesson, we will look at what a programming language is, what language computers really use, and types of languages people use to communicate with computers.
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In this lesson, we will look at what a programming language is, what language computers really use, and types of languages people use to communicate with computers.
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The third type of language are thehigh-level languages. These languages use English-like statements and symbols, and are independent of the type of computer you are using. You can even put in lots of English labels and comments to help remember what the instructions are doing. This makes your programs much easier to read and modify. There are far more high-level languages than any other type of computer language, each one tailored for a certain kind of use.
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You and I feel, think, and live inside bodies (separate vessels made up of tissue), that end with the skin at our fingertips – so we cant feel what another person is feeling, or know what another person is thinking. But, to get along and work together, we invented language to bridge this barrier. I say something to you, you figure out what I said and my thoughts end up in your head so we can both laugh at the same joke, or work on the same task.
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But you know how people are – everybody has their own idea of the best way. So, there are tons of human-like languages to choose from. In the end though, every language meant for a machine ends right back at simple 1s and 0s, and thats all the computer cares about.
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On the downside, its way too clunky to communicate this way, so we need something better, and it comes in 3 ways: machine language, assembly language, and high-level language.Machine languageis the binary language made of 1s and 0s.Assemblyis made of abbreviated commands we can assemble into machine code. Andhigh-level languageis a lot like English and is computer independent.
Well, computers live and think in vessels too so we need a way to tell them what we want, so we can work together and get stuff done.Programming languageis how we can talk to computers. Its a lot like English but its kind of quirky too. Unlike people, machines cannot guess our intent. We have to be super meticulous and describe what we want in every little detail.
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People use language to work together and accomplish things. We use language with computers too; these special languages are calledprogramming languages. They are the instructions which need to be followed to see what we are hoping to see. But computers think in terms of 1s and 0s — yes or no, in a way. We can string 1s and 0s together into really long strings representing lots of choices (or many different things, such as numbers, letters, pictures, and commands).
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The trouble is, its really clunky to tell a computer to do stuff usingthatlanguage,binary, which uses only 1s and 0s. So, we layer several human-like languages on top of the binary language to help translate machine language into human language. This gives us a more human way to tell the computer what we want it to do.
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We just went over whatmachine languageis – its the language of machines, consisting of bits (1s and 0s) put together into chunks likebytes, a group of 8 bits, and lots of other larger sizes. Its highly unlikely you will ever have to write in machine language, but in the old days, we used to plot 1s and 0s on graph paper and then type them in, to make pictures appear on the computer screen. Very tedious!
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Assembly languageis a little easier than machine language, but not much! It uses more convenient numbers, symbols, and abbreviations to describe the huge strings of 1s and 0s, to make it both easier and more memorable to type in instructions. The computer knows that certain strings of numbers are commands, so assembly language lets you use English-like strings instead of numbers to refer to those. Plus, with assembly language you have access to all kinds of resources to organize your programming code. Then you tell a program called an assembler to assemble your instructions, which just means they get turned into 1s and 0s for you.
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Some famous high-level languages are FORTRAN, COBOL, C++, BASIC, and Java. There are also scripting languages for the web.
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For example, the first high-level language was FORTRAN, which was mainly for scientific stuff. This was quickly followed by languages made especially for business (COBOL), operating systems (C++), general ease of use (BASIC) and the web (Java). There are nowscripting languagesfor the web as well. These are like high-level languages, except they do not get translated into machine-readable code until the very last moment. That way we dont have to guess what language to use until its needed, and various different computer systems can talk to each other. Examples of scripting languages are Javascript, ASP, PHP, and Python. You mostly see these on the web.
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Computers dont actually use words or meanings the way humans do. Instead, computers are made of gazillions of tiny switches that are either on or off. When theyre on, we call that a 1, and when theyre off, we call that a 0. When you put those together, you get options. If you put lots of them together, you get lots of options. Each chunk of options can now be something meaningful (a number, a letter, even a picture made of tiny dots). Ta-dah! Now we have a way to tell a machine to do stuff using these simplebitsof information (strings of 1s and 0s).
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